Declinable And Non-Declinable Words In Arabic Language (المعرب والمبني)
By: Yusuf Basirat Bolanle
In Arabic language, words are divided into two main categories. They are:
1- The Declinable words (المعرب)
2- The Non- Declinable words (المبني)
1-The Declinable Words (المعرب)
The declinable words are known as (المعرب) in Arabic language. Arabic language has numbers of parsing marks known as Harakaat (حركات), They are Al-fatha, Al-kasrah, Ad-dammah and As-sukun. So, in declinable words, the harakah at the end of a word changes according to its positions in a sentence. This means, if words are Mu’rob (Declinable), their parsing marks are not fixed they can change based on their positions in the sentence.
The following are regarded as some of The Declinable Words In Arabic Language:
A- (الأسماء) The Nouns
In Arabic language, almost all nouns
(الأسماء) are Mu’rob (Declinable), that is, their end marks can change
based on their position in a sentence. Examples are:
جلس حبيبُ على الكرسي
Habeeb sat on the chair
رأيت حبيبَ فى الفصل
I saw Habeeb in the class
سلَّمت على حبيبِ فى المسجد
I greeted Habeeb in the mosque
Habeeb (حبيب) in the above sentences is declinable, that is why its parsing mark changes based on its position in the sentence. For instance, in the first sentence, Habeeb is in a subjective position, that is why it takes Ad-dammah sign. In the second sentence, Habeeb is in objective position, that is why it takes Al-fatha sign. Then, in the last sentence, Habeeb is in prepositional object position, that is why it takes Al-kasrah sign.
B- (فعل المضارع)
The second one is The Present Tense. Present Tense (فعل المضارع) in Arabic Language is also mu’rob (Declinable) the parsing mark on its ends changes according the particles preceded them. Examples are:
يذهبُ حبيب إلى الميدان
Hebeeb is going to the field
لن يذهبَ حبيب إلى الميدان
Habeeb will never go to the field
لم يذهبْ حبيب إلى الميدان
Habeeb did not go to the field
In the above sentences, The present tense (يذهب) is taking different parsing mark based on the particles preceded it in the sentence. In the first sentence, nothing comes before the verb, that is why its parsing mark remains Ad-dammah. In the second sentence, The present tense is preceded by one of Nazb particles (لن), that is why it takes Al-fatha sign. In the third sentence, the present tense is preceded by one of Jazm Particles (لم), that is why it ends with As-sukun parsing mark.
2- The Non-Declinable Words (المبني)
The Non-Declinable Words (المبني), are the words with fixed parsing marks on their ends. In These types of words, the harakah (Parsing Mark) at the end of a word remains the same no matter their positions in a sentence. The past tense (فعل الماضى), The command tense (فعل الأمر) and all particles are Non-declinable. Non-Declinable can be found in the following Arabic Words:
These are actions that happened or performed in the past.
Examples are;
ذهبَ الرجل إلى الحديقة
The man went to the garden
قد ذهبَ الرجل إلى الحديقة
The man has gone to the garden
هل ذهبَ الرجل إلى الحديقة؟
Has the man gone to the garden?
Looking at the sentences above, we discover that the word
(ذهبَ) takes the same parsing mark which is Al-fatha, because
it is in its past form and past tense are Non-declinable in
nature.
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B- The Command Tense (فعل الأمر)
These are request words, requesting or seeking from the
second person to carry out a particular act. Examples are:
اجلسْ يا ولد
Sit down you boy
قال أبى اجلسْ يا ولد
My father said, sit down you boy
قلت له، اجلسْ يا ولد
I said to him, sit down you boy
A critical look at the word (اجلسْ) (Sit) in the above
sentences, which is a command tense, we can see they
all take As-sukun parsing mark due to the declinable
nature of a command tense.
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C- Demonstrative Pronouns
(أسماء الإشارة)
These are words used to point to a far or near object.
Examples are:
ذالكَ الكتاب لا ريب فيه
That book, there is no doubt in it
رأيت ذالكَ الكتاب
I saw that book
انظر إلى ذلكَ الكتاب
Look at that book
The word (ذلك) (that) in the above sentences is a declinable
word, that is why it takes Al-fatha parsing mark in all the
sentences.
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D- The Prepositions (الجر)
Prepositions are the words that are showing the relationship
between two objects. Examples are:
إلى الميدان يذهب
To the garden, he is running to
رجعت إلى الميدان
I returned to the garden
ذهب أبى إلى الميدان
My father went to the garden
The word, (إلى) (To) is a preposition, and it is declinable in
nature, that is why it takes As-sukun parsing mark throughout
the sentences.
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E- The Relative Pronouns (أسماء الموصولة)
Relative pronouns give more information about the word with
relative clause in a sentence. Examples are:
الذى فى الغرفة الرجل
The one in the room is a man
سلَّمت على الذى فى الغرفة
I greeted the one in the room
رأيت الذى فى الغرفة
I saw the one in the room
The word (الذى) (the one) describing someone, in the
sentences above is declinable and it is relative, that is why it
ends with As-sukun parsing mark in all.
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F- The Pronouns (الضمائر)
Pronouns are the words used in place of a noun in a sentence.
Examples are:
هوَ فى المسجد
He is in the mosque
قل هوَ الله أحد
Say, He Allah is one
ما رأيت أحد إلا هوَ
I did not see anyone except him
The word (هو) (He) is a pronoun, and it is declinable in nature,
that is why it takes A-fatha parsing mark in all the sentences
above.
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G- Wh- question words(حروف الإستفهام)
Wh- Words are used for asking questions in a sentence.
Example:
هلْ فهمت الدرس؟
Did you understand the lesson?
قلت هلْ هو فى الفصل أم لا؟
I said, is he in the class or not?
سألنى أبى هلْ هو فى الفصل؟
My father asked me, Is he in the class?
In the above sentences, the word (هلْ) is a Wh-word, and also
declinable in nature, that is why it all ends with As-sukun
parsing mark in the sentences above.
Hope
you enjoyed our class for today!
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