PARTICLES OF THE PRESENT TENSE IN ARABIC LANGUAGE (1) (أدوات نصب الفعل المضارع)

   PARTICLES OF THE PRESENT TENSE IN ARABIC LANGUAGE 

    (أدوات نصب الفعل المضارع) 

By: Yusuf Basirat Bolanle  

Topic Outline:

- Definition of Present Tense in Arabic Language

- Particles of Present Tense in Arabic Language

- Cases of present Tense in Arabic Language

- Explanation with examples of Nazb Particles in The Present Tense.

 

DISCUSSION AND EXPLANATIONS

In our previous lessons, we have discussed The Complete Sentence Formation in Arabic Language. We also talked about the Parts of Arabic Language Sentence and the Classifications of Verb in Arabic Language. 

Today, Insha Allah we are going to discuss “The Nazb Particles of the Present Tense in Arabic Language”. 

But before we go into this topic, let us first explain what the Present Tense itself is, Then proceed to the Particles of The Present Tense. 

What is Present Tense (فعل المضارع)?

The present tense in Arabic Language is known as (فعل المضارع). It is the verb indicating the occurrence of an action in the present or the future time. In Arabic Language, the action you are presently acting upon and the action you intend to act upon in the nearest future, all are expressed in the present tense forms. 

Also, the simple present form and the present continuous form, all are expressed in the same form of present tense (فعل المضارع) except that it will be clear in the expression which one the speaker is referring to by the use of some particles to differentiate between the statements.

The Present Tense and its Particles

فعل المضارع وأدواته

What are the particles of The Present Tense?

The Particles of the Present Tense  are those elements that are responsible for the changing of the parsing marks at the end of the present tense.  In Arabic Language, the parsing mark at the end of the present tense changes according to the type of particles it is preceded by. 

 

Naturally, the present tense which is not preceded by any particle carries Ad-dammah on its end, while this changes to other parsing marks based on the particles it is preceded by.

 

            Cases of Present Tense in Arabic Language

The present tense (فعل المضارع) has three cases:

 1- (الرفع)(The Nominative case) in which it ends with a parsing mark (الضمة)

2- (النصب)(The Accusasive case) when it ends with (الفتحة), and

3- (الجزم)(The genitive case) while ending with (السكون)

Normally, the present tense should be in (الرفع) case, in which the verb ends with a parsing mark (الضمة), unless it is preceded by one of the particles of Jazm or Nasb.

 

In today's lesson, we shall discuss the present tense when it is preceded by nazb Particles only.

(النصب)(The Accusasive) and ends with parsing mark (الفتحة).

The present tense changes from (الرفع)case with the parsing mark (الضمة) on its end to (النصب) case with the parsing mark (الفتحة) on its end, if it is preceded by one of the following particles of Nazb (أن) (لن) (إذن) (كى).

These are referred to as the Particles of Nasb of The Present Tense in Arabic Language (نواصب الفعل المضارع).

The Nazb means, given the end of the present tense a “Fatha” Parsing Mark instead of its root mark which is Ad-dammah.

 

Now, let us discuss the Particles one after the other.

1-       (أن) An

 

The first of these particles is (أن) “An”. “An” is a present tense particle that gives the meaning of the future to the present tense. 

 

When a present tense is preceded by (أن), it automatically changes the parsing mark on its end from (الضمة) to (الفتحة)ز

 

Let us go through the following examples

 

أريد أن أذهبَ إلى السوق

I want to go to the market

 

يسرّنى أن أعملَ معكن

It pleases me to work with you

 

على المسلم أن يحبَّ أخاه

Muslims should love his brother

 

أرجو أن يسافرَ أبى

I hope my father travels

 

In the above examples the verbs: (أذهبَ), (أعملَ), (يحبَّ),and (يسافرَ) are all present tense. Each of them ends with the parsing mark Al-fatha because they are all preceded by one of the Present Tense Nazb particles which is (أن) An. If not, each of them would have ended with Ad-dammah.

 

2-              (لن)(Lan).

 

The second of Nazb particles of present tense in Arabic Language is (لن). It is mostly refers to as (لن النافية) (The Negative Lan). It negates the future occurrence of the event mentioned in the present tense, so, it changes the parsing mark on the present tense from Al-Dammah (الضمة) into Al-Fatha (الفتحة).

The following are good examples of particle “Lan”

 

لن يذهبَ عمى إلى المدرسة

My Uncle will not go to the school

 

لن أكذبَ فى قولى

I will not lie in my utterance

 

لن أضربَ أخى اليوم

I will not beat my brother today

 

الطالب الكسلان لن يفوزَ

The lazy student will not succeed

 

Now, let us go through the above examples, we discovered that the verbs: (يذهبَ), (أكذبَ), (أضربَ) and (يفوزَ) are also all present tense. They all end with Al-fatha because they are preceded by Present Tense Nazb particle (لن). If not, they would all have ended with the parsing mark Ad-dammah.

 

3-         (إذن) (Idhan)

 

The third of these particles is (إذن), which means "Then” It is used to answer a conditional question from the second person. If it comes before the present tense, it also changes the parsing mark from (الضمة) Al-Dammah  to (الفتحة) Al-Fatha.

The particle is used to reply to something with a reward or an outcome.

 The following are examples

 

سأزوركم غدا، إذن تقيمَ عندنا

I will visit you tomorrow,

Then, you will stay with us

 

سيغلق أبى الباب، إذن سيفسِدَ الهواء

My father will close the door, 

Then, the air will be polluted

 

سينام أخى متأخِّرا، إذن يستيقظَ متأخِّرا

My brother will sleep late,

 then he will wake up late

 

سأقرأ كتابى جيدا، إذن تفوزَ فى الإمتحان

I will read my book very well,

then, you will succeed in the exam

 

The Examples above, the verbs: (تقيمَ ), (سيفسِدَ), (يستيقظَ) and (تفوزَ) are present tense. The parsing marks on their ends changed from Ad-dammah to Al-fatha because of the Present Tense Nazb Particle (إذن). 

 

4-           (كى) (Kay)

 

The forth and the last of these particles is (كى), which denotes “So as to”or “in order to” It is used to state or give reason/ reasons why an action is/was performed. Whenever a present tense is preceded by this particle in Arabic Language, it also changes the end parsing mark from (الضمة) to (الفتحة) automatically.

 

Let us look into the following examples

 

جئت كى أتعلّمَ

I came so as to learn

 

يصدُق التاجر كى يربحَ

The trader is truthful so as to get profit

 

يلعب أخى كى يفرحَ

My brother is playing so as to be happy

 

اشتريت منزلا كى أسكنَ فيه

I bought a house so as to live there in

 

The above examples also show the present tense: (أتعلّمَ), (يربحَ), (يفرحَ) and (أسكنَ) all end with the parsing mark Al-fatha. This is  because of the Present Tense Nazb particle (كى) that comes before them. 

 

Note:

Naturally, all the above present tense supposed to end with Ad-dammah, but due to them preceded by those particles of Nazb of the present tense, (أن), (لن), (إذن) and (كى). Hence, they all end with Al-fatha.

 

To be continued...........